[CME] Roles of STD detection and treatment in HIV prevention

Testing and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can be an effective tool in preventing the spread of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. An understanding of the relationship between STDs and HIV infection can help in the development of effective HIV prevention programs for persons with high-risk sexual behaviors.
What is the link between STDs and HIV infection?
Individuals who are infected with STDs are at least two to five times more likely than uninfected individuals to acquire HIV infection if they are exposed to the virus through sexual contact. In addition, if an HIV-infected individual is also infected with another STD, that person is more likely to transmit HIV through sexual contact than other HIV-infected persons (Wasserheit, 1992).
here is substantial biological evidence demonstrating that the presence of other STDs increases the likelihood of both transmitting and acquiring HIV.
  • Increased susceptibility. STDs appear to increase susceptibility to HIV infection by two mechanisms. Genital ulcers (e.g., syphilis, herpes, or chancroid) result in breaks in the genital tract lining or skin. These breaks create a portal of entry for HIV. Additionally, inflammation resulting from genital ulcers or non-ulcerative STDs (e.g., chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis) increase the concentration of cells in genital secretions that can serve as targets for HIV (e.g., CD4+ cells).
    • Increased infectiousness. STDs also appear to increase the risk of an HIV-infected person transmitting the virus to his or her sex partners.  Studies have shown that HIV-infected individuals who are also infected with other STDs are particularly likely to shed HIV in their genital secretions. For example, men who are infected with both gonorrhea and HIV are more than twice as likely to have HIV in their genital secretions than are those who are infected only with HIV. Moreover, the median concentration of HIV in semen is as much as 10 times higher in men who are infected with both gonorrhea and HIV than in men infected only with HIV.  The higher the concentration of HIV in semen or genital fluids, the more likely it is that HIV will be transmitted to a sex partner.
    How can STD treatment slow the spread of HIV infection?
    Evidence from intervention studies indicates that detecting and treating STDs may reduce HIV transmission.
    • STD treatment reduces an individual's ability to transmit HIV. Studies have shown that treating STDs in HIV-infected individuals decreases both the amount of HIV in genital secretions and how frequently HIV is found in those secretions (Fleming, Wasserheit, 1999).
    • Herpes can make people more susceptible to HIV infection, and it can make HIV-infected individuals more infectious.  It is critical that all individuals, especially those with herpes, know whether they are infected with HIV and, if uninfected with HIV, take measures to protect themselves from infection with HIV.
    • Among individuals with both herpes and HIV, trials are underway studying if treatment of the genital herpes helps prevent HIV transmission to partners.
    What are the implications for HIV prevention?
    Strong STD prevention, testing, and treatment can play a vital role in comprehensive programs to prevent sexual transmission of HIV. Furthermore, STD trends can offer important insights into where the HIV epidemic may grow, making STD surveillance data helpful in forecasting where HIV rates are likely to increase. Better linkages are needed between HIV and STD prevention efforts nationwide in order to control both epidemics.
    In the context of persistently high prevalence of STDs in many parts of the United States and with emerging evidence that the U.S. HIV epidemic increasingly is affecting populations with the highest rates of curable STDs, the CDC/HRSA Advisory Committee on HIV/AIDS and STD Prevention (CHAC) recommended the following:
    • Early detection and treatment of curable STDs should become a major, explicit component of comprehensive HIV prevention programs at national, state, and local levels;
    • In areas where STDs that facilitate HIV transmission are prevalent, screening and treatment programs should be expanded;
    • HIV testing should always be recommended for individuals who are diagnosed with or suspected to have an STD.
    • HIV and STD prevention programs in the United States, together with private and public sector partners, should take joint responsibility for implementing these strategies.
    CHAC also notes that early detection and treatment of STDs should be only one component of a comprehensive HIV prevention program, which also must include a range of social, behavioral, and biomedical interventions.

    Source: CDC

15 comments:

  1. Hello my names are Maxwell Asco
    and I’m giving a testimony about Dr. Oyalo who cured me from HIV, when I did
    the test and I was confirmed positive, I was so confused because my son is just
    too young and I need to be there for him, so I tried all means to make sure I
    will be there for him, I saw a blog where Dr. Oyalo cured HIV, I contacted him
    through his email and explained my problems to him, and he assured me of
    healing, he did what he has been doing for other people and I was cured also
    when he asked me to go for check-up...
    I’m so happy for what Dr. Oyalo did for me, contact him via email on dr.dr.oyalospellhome@hotmail.com or dr.dr.oyalospellhome@gmail.com
    I know he can help you. You can reach me on maxwellascoform@gmail.com

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  2. Hello everybody, i am here to testifies on how DR ARIBA help me to cure my sickness called HIV/AIDS which has been eating me up for 2years and 4months, and when I went online I saw his email on how he cured so many people, so I emailed the Dr and tell my problems to him, and he told me all is going to be fine, after that day he gave me an assurance of 3days of his herbal healing, and said I should go for a medical check up on the 4th day of which I got to the hospital the new result now shows am HIV negative. And now am so happy and free from it thanks to DR ARIBA. Please if there is any one in need of his help should kindly contact him draribaspelltemple@gmail.com or dr.aribaspelltemple@outlook.com

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  3. if you have had surgery in the past,a blood transfusion, a termination of pregnacy(abortion), shared a toothbrush or sharps with an infected person, those are ways of contacting HIV besides sexual intercourse. I advice you enroll into a HIV facility, there are lots in government hospitals, have a volunteer counselling and testing and if positive, commence treatment and followup. It is also possible for someone who passed it to you to now be negative especially if the person is on anti retroviral treatment. After some time on treatment, the viral load becomes undetectable and screening test results appear as negative. Also, you can marry a negative partner and have hiv negative children with him. All the best to you as you make the right decision.dr.okosee@gmaill.com or +2348069652500.

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  4. I was been suffering hard shiply from HIV/AIDS since 9yrs now, and i happen to have 2 kids for my husband, and now we cannot proceed to have another kids all because of my disease and now i have do all what a human like i and my husband can do just to get my disease healed, i have went to several places to seek for help not even one person could ever help, until i melt a comment on the daily news paper that was commented by Miss Marilyn about how this powerful traditional doctor help her get cured of the disease (HIV-AIDS) " my fellow beloved" i firstly taught having a help from a spiritual traditional healer was a wrong idea, but i think of these, will i continue to stress on these disease all day when i have someone to help me save my life?" so i gather all my faiths and put in all interest to contact him through his Email address at dr , so after i have mailed him of helping get my disease cured, i respond to me fast as possible that i should not be afraid, that he is a truthful and powerful doctor which i firstly claimed him to be. So after all set has been done, he promise me that i will be healed but on a condition that i provide him some items and obeyed all his oracle said. I did all by accepting his oracle fact and only to see that the following week email him\drrokoje@gmail.com,mail me on my mail box that my work is successfully done with his powers, i was first shocked and later arise to be the happiest woman on earth after i have concluded my final test on the hospital by my doctor that i am now HIV- Negative. My papers for check are with me and now i am happy and glad for his miraculous help and power.With these i must to everyone who might seek for any help, either for HIV cure or much more to contact him now at these following email now,Email:
    drokoje@gmail.comsir thank you so much for your immediate cure of my disease, i must say for curing my disease, i owe you in return. Thanks and be blessed sir.My name is Jane wembli His Email address is:drokoje@gmail.com or +2348069652500..

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  5. hello everyone,
    i don't just know the reason why some people is finding it difficult to
    believe that there is a cure for HIV, i have been HIV+ since last three
    years with my girlfriend but today i am happy that i am HIV_ with herbal
    medicine of Dr Oyekpen the great healer,i was browsing the internet
    searching for help when i came across a testimony shared by someone on how
    Dr Oyekpen cure his HIV i was so much in need of getting his treatment but
    after all Dr Oyekpen brought a smile to my face with his herbal medicine. i
    am so much happy today that we have someone like this great healer out
    there, so my people out there kindly contact this great heal;er on his
    email address: (droyekpenspelltemple@outlook.com) please sir keep your good
    work cause there are people out there who is in need of your healing
    medicine.once more contact him now: (droyekpenspelltemple@outlook.com)
    or call +2348102386568...

    ReplyDelete

  6. Good morning everyone, my name is joan from pakistan, I have been suffering from Hiv/Aids for over 4years now, and sauddenly, i have spent all my money all to make sure i get healthy all day, but happily, last month january 12th 2013, I came in contact with a traditional doctor also known as a chief priest on a newspaper who is called Dr atakuma who has help much people to cure their aids disease, firstly i taught it was a joke until i contacted him " 'atakmaoracle@gmail.com' " and he said that if i am ready for this work, i told him yes, and he collected my details and told me that after he has finished consulting his oracle he will run back to me on when to go for a medical check up, i was unhealthyling surprise. And truly last week monday Dr atakuma called me to quickly go for a medical checkup, which I did, only to find out that I was not with any HiV diseaase anymore, my friends and families who left me before run back to me. I now found out that God in Heaven is using this man to bless and heal us all, he is a great and powerful man, again I say to you sir, that God almightly will uplift you and your great work you did for I and other people. Pls i will sincerely advice all Hiv patient to contact this great powerful man called Dr atakumaoracle for your solutions now at :atakumaoracle@gmail.com he will help you on your Hiv problems.....email:atakumaoracle@gmail.com

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  7. I’m SHILLA, I’m from IRAN, I was tested HIV, Dr.olufalaye cured my HIV disease, so I will advise you people that have it too, to contact him now, so that you will be cured by him okay.. Contact him via his email him on olufalayespellhome@gmail.com

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  8. Hello,my name is marl i want to testify no what Dr George did for me, i was infected with H.I.V disease wish cost me my relationship, and i was all alone till i met a friend of my who directed me to Dr George, i never believed in spell caster or voodoo till i met him, he casts a spell on me that cure me from H.I.V. if you need help or you have a problem, there is nothing Dr George can do,so e-mail him with this mail addres:aknemutemple@outlook.com +2348166103674

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  9. Hello my name is kathy, I want to give a testimony about my HIV virus that was cured by a great spell caster. Since last 3 years now I have being a HIV AID patient. I never think I live long again and am so grateful about DR.OSUBA who cured my HIV AIDS last 3 weeks. I was in a great pain so I told one of my best friends, he told me that there is a great spell caster that can cure my HIV. I asked her if she con give to me the contact of this GREAT SPELL CASTER, she gave me his email, I emailed him he talked to me and he perform the necessary things and gave to me some herbs to take which I did and he told me that after two weeks I should go for a test. Which I did, when the doctor told me that am now a HIV negative I couldn’t believe myself I went to see another doctor the result was still the same, I was human on planet earth, so I emailed him and thanked him. Please if you are having a similar problem please visit him/ You can contact him on his email on DR.OSUBASPELLTEMPLE@GMAIL.COM and he will also help you..

    ReplyDelete
  10. i don't just know the reason why some people is finding it difficult to believe that there is a cure for HIV, i have been HIV+ since last three years with my girlfriend but today i am happy that i am HIV_ with herbal medicine of DR.OSUBA the great healer,i was browsing the internet searching for help when i came across a testimony shared by someone on how DR.OSUBA cure his HIV i was so much in need of getting his treatment but after all DR.OSUBA brought a smile to my face with his herbal medicine. i am so much happy today that we have someone like this great healer out there, so my people out there kindly contact this great heal;er on his email address: DR.OSUBASPELLTEMPLE@GMAIL.COM sir keep your good work cause there are people out there who is in need of your healing medicine.once more contac t him now: DR.OSUBASPELLTEMPLE@GMAIL.COM

    ReplyDelete
  11. Hello i am Marian Hawkins from Uk,
    All these post about spell casters are scammers and fake trying to collect money all in the name of HIV cure and when you contact them, they will be asking for your name, pictures, country, phone number and when you have given them all the information, they will be asking for money. I was once diagnosed as an HIV AIDS patience and i spent a lot of money going from one spell caster to another but they all scam and take my money away until i came in contact with this powerful one Dr. Ovia who helped me to cure my HIV AIDS by doing a healing spell and in 24 hours, as he said i went to hospital for test and according to the test done by the Medical doctor Frank it stated that i was cured.
    So viewers be wise and beware of fake spell caster, they are all over the internet. I will drop you the email of this powerful spell caster just in case you wish to contact him for help. droviasolutioncenter@gmail.com or you can call him through his mobile number +2347067610698

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  12. I am So happy and Glad to tell you people about this Powerful spell caster DR ARIBA that just cured and healed me and brother from HIV and Cancer with his Herbal medicine, i and my brother has been going for medication for several years only to cure this diseases but all seems in vain, i was confused and decided to surf through the Internet and i saw the wonderful deeds that DR ARIBA has been doing, i thought it was a joke, and when i contacted he proved to me that he herbal medicine is powerful and active, Today I am cured from my HIV and my brother is also cured from His Cancer, i am so so happy and i will like anyone suffering from any kind of illness should please contact him on his email on: draribaspelltemple@gmail.com or dr.aribaspelltemple@outlook.com

    ReplyDelete
  13. DR odudu is the only Dr who could ever get my HIV-AIDS cured with his healing spell, i have tried almost everything but i couldn’t find any solution on my disease, despite all these happening to me, i always spend a lot to buy HIV drugs from hospital and taking some several medications but no relieve, until one day i was just browsing on the internet when i come across a great post of !Nicole! who truly said that she was been diagnose with HIV and was healed that very week through the help of these great powerful healing spell doctor, sometime i really wonder why people called him Papa Odudu, i never knew it was all because of the great and perfect work that he has been doing that is causing all this. so i quickly contacted him, and he ask me some few questions and he said a thing i will never forget that anyone who contacted him is ! always getting his or her healing in just 6 hours after doing all he ask you, so i was amazed all the time i heard that from him, so i did all things only to see that at the very day which he said i will be healed, all the strength that has left me before rush back and i becomes very strong and healthy, this disease almost kills my life all because of me, so i will to hospital to give the final test to the disease and the doctor said i am HIV negative, i am very amazed and happy about the healing Dr Odudu gave to me from the help of his ancient herbs if you have any question for me concerning all i have said email me at: hiltonander1@gmail.com But if you feel like contacting Dr Odudu at once you can email him now for your own healing too at: oduduspells@gmail.com or call his phone number which is +2347031548325 for direct contact good luck i am Hilton Anderson

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  14. Truthfully, i was tested HIV + positive last 3years. I keep on managing the drugs i usually purchase from the health care agency to keep me healthy and strenghtful, i tried all i can too make this disease leave me alone, but unfortunately, it keep on eating up my life, this is what i caused myself, for allowing my fiance have sex with me insecurely without protection, although i never knew he is HIV positive. So last few 4days i came in contact with a lively article on the internet on how this Powerful Herb Healer get her well and healed. So as a patient i knew this will took my life one day, and i need to live with other friends and relatives too. So i copied out the Dr Koboko Yya the traditional healer?s email id: dr.koboko@gmail.com and I mailed him immediately, in a little while he mail me back that i was welcome to his temple home were by all what i seek for are granted. I was please at that time. And i continue with him, he took some few details from me and told me that he shall get back to me as soon as he is through with my work. I was very happy as heard that from him. So Yesterday, as i was just coming from my friends house, Dr koboko Yya called me to go for checkup in the hospital and see his marvelous work that it is now HIV negative, i was very glad to hear that from him, so i quickly rush down to the nearest hospital to found out, only to hear from my hospital doctor called Browning Lewis that i am now HIV NEGATIVE. I jump up at him with the test note, he ask me how does it happen and i recede to him all i went through with Dr Koboko Yya I am now glad, so i am a gentle type of person that need to share this testimonies to everyone who seek for healing, because once you get calm and quiet, so the disease get to finish your life off. So i will advice you contact him today for your healing at the above details: Email ID: dr.koboko@gmail.com CONTACT HIM NOW TO SAVE YOUR LIFE: dr.koboko@gmail.com AS HE IS SO POWERFUL AND HELPFUL TO ALL THAT HAVE THIS SICKNESS? www.http://drkobokospellcaster.blogspot.com/

    ReplyDelete
  15. Hello,my name is marl i want to testify no what Dr George did for me, i was infected with H.I.V disease wish cost me my relationship, and i was all alone till i met a friend of my who directed me to Dr George, i never believed in spell caster or voodoo till i met him, he casts a spell on me that cure me from H.I.V. if you need help or you have a problem, there is nothing Dr George can do,so e-mail him with this mail address: aknemutemple@outlook.com or call his phone number +2348166103674

    ReplyDelete